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Anthony Gold > Blog > Co się dzieje z moim spadkiem? – jak rozwiązać problemy z zarządcami masy spadkowej?
Clare Kelly - Partner

Clare Kelly

Partner| Mediator

clare_kelly@anthonygold.co.uk

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  • November 9, 2015
  • Blog
  • By  Clare Kelly 
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Co się dzieje z moim spadkiem? – jak rozwiązać problemy z zarządcami masy spadkowej?


Zapytania o to, kiedy dostanę mój spadek; czy brat, którego tata zrobił wykonawcą swojego testamentu, robi to, co trzeba; jak pominąć nielubianego wujka i zająć się administracją testamentu mamy samemu – są niemalże tak częste jak śmierć.  Kiedy obawy o to, co dzieje sie z masą spadkową są uzasadnione i co zrobić w takich sytuacjach? 

Każdy ważny testament angielski wskazuje osobę (po angielsku executor), która ma być wykonawcą testamentu.  Osoba ta ma zebrać wszystkie aktywa, opłacić długi i zobowiązania i zająć się dystrybucją majątku do uprawnionych spadkobierców.  Zanim wykonawca testamentu podejmie działania, musi uzyskać dokument potwierdzający jego uprawnienie – Grant of Probate. Dopóki nie uzyska tego dokumentu, nie jest w stanie sprzedać nieruchomości zmarłego, zamknąć jego kont bakowych itp.  Dla spadkobierców niestety oznacza to, że dopóki wykonawca testament nie uzyska Grant of Probate, nie mają szans na żadne płatności a konto ich spadku.  Jak długo więc może to zająć?

Nie ma prawnie ustalonego terminu, w którym wykonawca testamentu powinien ubiegać się o Grant of Probate.  Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, brak jakiejkolwiek aktywności ze strony wykonawcy w 3 – 6 miesięcy po śmierci nie jest rzeczą niespotykaną.  Co jeśli po 6 miesiącach od śmierci brak znaku jakiegokolwiek działania?  Wówczas warto napisać do mianowanego wykonawcy z zapytaniem i prośbą o wyjaśnienia.

Mianowany wykonawca testamentu może nie chcieć przyjąć na siebie zobowiązania. Jeśli tak, powinien się go formalnie zrzec, podpisując deed of renunciation. Dokument ten należy złożyć w sądzie (Probate Registry).  Jeśli testament nie mianuje żadnych innych wykonawców poza tym, który nie jest chętny do podjęcia zobowiązania, ustawa wskazuje szereg osób, które mogą zająć jego miejsce (żona, dzieci, inni członkowie rodziny zmarłego).

Jeśli wykonawca testamentu nie podejmuje się administracji, ani nie chce formalnie zrezygnować z piastowania funkcji wykonawcy testamentu, spadkobiercy mogą złożyć pozew do sądu o usunięcie wykonawcy i mianowanie zastępcy (w tym np. jednego ze spadkobierców).   Należy w tym celu złożyć w sądzie oryginał testament, co może okazać się trudne, gdy jest on w posiadaniu wykonawcy, który nie chce z nami współpracować.   Jeśli taka sytuacja ma miejsce, musimy formalnie wezwać osobę, która jest w posiadaniu oryginału testamentu, do przedstawienia go w sądzie, w przeciągu 8 dni.  Procedura ta po angielsku nazywa się subpoena.  Jeśli pozwany nie odpowie na wezwanie, uruchamiana jest kolejna procedura, zwana citation.  Jest to formalne wezwanie mianowanego w testamencie wykonawcy do zrzeczenia się funkcji lub złożenia podania o Grant of Probate we wskazanym terminie.  Jeśli wykonawca testamentu nie odpowie na to wezwanie, sąd wyda orzeczenie o jego usunięciu i mianuje zastępcę.

Jeśli wykonawca testamentu uzyskał Grant of Probate, ale poza tym, nie wiadomo, co więcej zrobił, warto poprosić go o przedstawienie pełnego raportu finansowego z administracji masy spadkowej. Jeśli spadkobierca proszący o przedstawienie raportu nie otrzyma go, lub nie jest zadowolony z jego treści, może w odpowiedzi wnieść pozew o usunięcie wykonawcy i mianowanie zastępcy.

Sąd nie podejmuje decyzji o usunięciu wykonawcy lekko.  Sądy nie patrzą pochlebnie na pozwy o usunięcie wykonawcy wniesione na podstawie tego, że spadkobierca po prostu nie ufa wykonawcy lub go nie lubi.  Co do zasady sąd wyda orzeczenie o usunięciu wykonawcy jedynie, jeśli zostaną przedstawione dowody, że wykonawca został zdyskwalifikowany (skazano go i np. siedzi w więzieniu); jest niezdolny do wykonywania funkcji (np. cierpi na chorobę fizyczna lub psychiczną, która uniemożliwia mu działanie); lub jest niewłaściwą osobą do wykonywania tej funkcji.  Osoba niewłaściwa to taka, której interesy prywatne są w konflikcie z interesami spadkobierców lub taka, która w wykonywaniu swojej funkcji dopuściła się niewłaściwości (odmówiła przedstawienia raportu z działalności, przywłaszczyła sobie lub w inny sposób źle rozporządziła kapitałem masy spadkowej itp.).   Choć to na pewno zachowanie niewłaściwe we strony wykonawcy, sąd nie orzeknie o usunięciu wykonawcy, który jest nieuprzejmy.  Zarzuty, że wykonawca jest opieszały w podejmowaniu działań też nie zawsze skutkują jego usunięciem.  Sukces pozwów o usunięcie wykonawcy zawsze zależy od okoliczności konkretnej sprawy.

What is happening with my inheritance? – how to resolve problems with management of an estate

Requests for advice on when will I get my inheritance, whether the brother whom father appointed to deal with his estate is doing the right thing, or how can I bypass the dreaded uncle and deal with mother’s estate myself are nearly as frequent as deaths. When are however concerns over management of an estate justified and what to do in those situations?

Each valid will made in England will name a person who is entitled to manage the estate, i.e. call in all the assets, pay all debts and distribute the remainder to beneficiaries.  Such a person is called an executor.   Upon death of the testator, the executor ought to apply for a Grant of Probate that will give them formal authority to start dealing with all assets of the deceased. Until they have a Grant, they will be unable to sell any property belonging to the deceased, close bank accounts etc.  From the beneficiary’s perspective, until there is no Grant, there is no chance for any payments out of the estate. How long can all that take?

There is formally no prescribed time in which an executor ought to apply for a Grant.  As a rule of thumb though, a period of inactivity of up to 3 – 6 months after death is not at all unusual.  What if 6 months have passed and there is still no sign of any activity in matters of a particular estate? It would be wise to write to the named executor and ask for an explanation.

An executor may be unwilling to act.  If so, an executor ought to sign a deed of renunciation, relinquishing their right to act in the matters of the particular estate.  The deed ought to be lodged with the Probate Registry.  If there are no other executors named in the will who would be willing and able to act, there is a list of persons (wife, children and family members) who will be entitled to apply for a Grant in the place of an executor and thus progress matters of the estate.

If an executor does not take active steps in management of an estate and yet does not wish to renounce, beneficiaries may apply to the court for someone else, including themselves to be appointed in the executor’s place.   An original will is needed for that purpose, so problems occur when such a will is in possession of an inactive executor. In such a case a subpoena must be served on the executor asking them to deliver the will within 8 days.  If no will is delivered within that period of time, the beneficiary will lodge at court and serve the executor with a citation.  The citation will call the executor to take a grant or renounce his right to act.  If the executor does not do either, the court will be able to direct that a grant of probate is issued to someone else (e.g. the applying beneficiary).

When an executor has taken out a Grant, but from that point on it seems that matters are dragging on and taking forever, again it is worth writing to an executor asking for an account and explanation.  If the beneficiary does not receive any reply or is dissatisfied with the reply received, an application to the court for removal and substitution of an executor can follow.

The court will not order removal and replacement of an executor lightly.  The court will not entertain applications by beneficiaries who simply distrust that the executor will carry out their duties correctly or those who simply have personal dislike towards each other.  In general, the court will only order removal when the executor has been disqualified (i.e. sentenced of crime and sent to prison), incapable to perform their duties (i.e. suffering from a mental or physical disability that is preventing them from acting), or unsuitable to act. Executor becomes unsuitable where there is conflict of interest or where they have committed serious misconduct (e.g. stolen from the estate, mismanaged assets, refused to account etc.).   Misconduct needs to be assessed on the facts and need not always result in removal.  The court will not frequently remove an executor just because they are acting rudely or unfriendly towards beneficiaries. Similarly, even proven accusations that an executor is repeatedly refusing to give beneficiaries information or is slow in settling the will will not always result in their removal.  Success of such cases always depends on particular circumstances of a given case.

If you think you have grounds for removal of an executor or would simply wish to discuss problems you are experiencing in administration of an estate that concerns you, please contact us.

* Disclaimer: The information on the Anthony Gold website is for general information only and reflects the position at the date of publication. It does not constitute legal advice and should not be treated as such. It is provided without any representations or warranties, express or implied.*
Clare Kelly - Partner

Clare Kelly

Partner| Mediator

clare_kelly@anthonygold.co.uk

  • A compassionate solicitor who considers all of her client’s concerns, and advises on the best way to resolve them, in or out of court.
  • Achieves settlements which are suitable for the individual circumstances incorporating compensation payments, the transfer of property and setting up trusts for children.
  • Completed the ACTAPS (Association of Contentious Trust and Probate Specialists) Contentious Trusts and Probate course – the only specialist training course for this area of law.
  • Qualified Commercial and Civil Mediator, accredited by the ADR Group.
  • Recommended in The Legal 500 ‘Clare Kelly is exceptionally knowledgeable and extremely efficient, and is a good negotiator who is sensitive to her clients’ needs and finds practical solutions’
  • ‘has a great eye for detail but can also identify the crux of the dispute’ – Legal 500 2019
  • Recommended by clients:
    “[Clare] has been absolutely wonderful – so lovely, extremely bright, and a rock when it came to getting us through the last two years.”
    “Clare, you are a star of the highest order!!”
    “It has been a difficult and stressful case and you have dealt with it efficiently and skilfully and with warmth and sensitivity”.
    “Your skill, your expertise, in matters concerning Wills is I believe, second to none. Both myself and my wife will be forever in your debt….Saying thank you just doesn’t cover the gratitude and respect we both have for you.”

 

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