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Anthony Gold > Blog > “Dziedzictwo nie musi być błogosławieństwem – skomplikowaniem domagania się dziedzictwa w kontekście polsko-angielskim”
Clare Kelly - Partner

Clare Kelly

Partner| Mediator

clare_kelly@anthonygold.co.uk

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  • October 19, 2015
  • Blog
  • By  Clare Kelly 
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“Dziedzictwo nie musi być błogosławieństwem – skomplikowaniem domagania się dziedzictwa w kontekście polsko-angielskim”


Jeśli przygotowano ankietę, mogę sobie wyobrazić, że co najmniej połowa z nas przyzna się przynajmniej raz w życiu, mając sen, aby wezwać nas do poinformowania nas, że nasza dama, której nigdy nie spotkaliśmy umarła, nie nazwała nas w jej wolą. Czy to nie miło … No cóż, niekoniecznie, jeśli ciotka była polska ….

W Anglii, zanim zostanie wypłacone dziedzictwo, wykonawcy wymienieni w woli będą musieli złożyć wniosek o formalny organ sądu upoważniający ich do działania w sprawach majątkowych (Grant of Probate). Wykonawcy będą płacić wszystkie spisy testamentu i wydatki (podatki, opłaty sądowe i wszelkie należności zmarłego) i będą rozdzielać resztę tego, co pozostało zgodnie z warunkami woli. Jeśli nie ma woli, to samo zadanie i obowiązki spadną na współmałżonka zmarłych dzieci, a więc w specjalnie przewidzianym ustawodawstwie. Jeśli aktywa w majątku zmarłego nie są wystarczające do pokrycia wszystkich długów i wydatków, wykonawcy będą płacić to, co w ich mocy, w jak największym stopniu. Reszta będzie w praktyce uważana za zły dług, której nie można zapłacić za posiadanie. Beneficjenci spodziewają się, że ich dziedzictwo pozostanie bez niczego, ale inne niż ich utracone marzenia o tym, aby stać się bogatymi, niczego nie straci.

Sprawy różnią się od siebie, gdy masz się odziedziczyć z Polski. Zgodnie z polskim prawem wezwano do dziedziczenia części majątku, a nie konkretnych prezentów. Jednak z udziałem tej nieruchomości zostanie wezwana do dziedziczenia również długów, które zmarły mógł mieć. Wszystko dobrze, gdy majątek jest znacznie większy niż długów. Każdy beneficjent będzie płacił odsetek długu odpowiadającego odsetkowi posiadanego majątku. Rzeczy stają się skomplikowane, gdy długy są duże. Zgodnie z prawem polskim, w przypadku, gdy nieruchomość nie jest w stanie spłacić długów, komornik ma prawo do dowolnego z beneficjentów zwrotu sumy. Nie jest niczym dziwnym, że jeśli beneficjent mieszka w Anglii, może być ciągle odnaleziony (domowa rodzina zapewni ich adres), ma dom i dobrą płacę, komornik uzna je za łatwiejsze do zrobienia. Co można zrobić?

Jeśli podejdziesz do polskiego komornika, który słusznie twierdzi, że musisz spłacić długi nie tak ukochanej dalekiej ciotki, możesz później odzyskać kwoty od innych beneficjentów, których odpowiedzialność za takie długów była nieograniczona (tak samo jak Ty). Mogą jednak nie być takich beneficjentów, lub jeśli istnieją, jest powód, dla którego komornik nie poszedł za nimi … Po prostu nie mają pieniędzy. Czy zatem cokolwiek można zrobić, aby uniknąć twojej ukochanej dalekiej ciotki pozostawiającej ci długów?

Prawo polskie pozwala na przyjęcie dziedziczenia bezpośrednio (tj. Bez ograniczeń), zaakceptować go z ograniczeniami lub odmówić. Jeśli odmówisz dziedziczenia, nic nie otrzymasz, ale nie będziesz też odpowiedzialny za cokolwiek. Jeśli zaakceptujesz spadek z ograniczeniami, ograniczysz odpowiedzialność za ewentualne należności do wysokości twojego spadku. Najgorszym scenariuszem jest zatem, że nic nie otrzymasz. Jeśli jednak po spłacie długów pozostanie jeszcze coś, skorzystasz z tej niewielkiej pozostałości. Brzmi dość prosto, więc dlaczego nie wszyscy tak robią?

Deklaracja dotycząca akceptacji z ograniczeniami lub odmowa dziedziczenia musi być złożona w ciągu 6 miesięcy od dnia, w którym została poinformowana osoba zmarła i może zostać wezwana do ich dziedziczenia. Znajomość składu majątku lub istnienie długów jest bez znaczenia. Jeśli taka deklaracja nie zostanie złożona w tym ścisłym terminie, uważa się, że zaakceptowałeś dziedziczenie bezpośrednio (tzn. Z nieograniczoną odpowiedzialnością za dług).

Jeśli w związku z tym kiedykolwiek otrzymaliście to wezwanie o daleką ciotkę umierającą, zaznacz datę w kalendarzu! Porozmawiaj z polskim notarialnym lub polskim sądem o złożeniu oświadczenia o odmowie lub ograniczonej akceptacji dziedziczenia. Aby uzyskać dalsze informacje na temat procedury, skontaktuj się z polskim prawnikiem.

Wszelkie porady dotyczące otrzymywania angielskiego dziedzictwa lub sporów z wykonawcami prosimy o kontakt.

“Inheritance need not be a blessing – complexities of claiming one’s inheritance in a Polish – English context” 

If a survey was prepared, I can imagine at least half of us would admit to at least once in our life having a dream of getting a call to inform us that our distant aunt we never met died and named us in her will.  Would it not be nice… Well, not necessarily if your aunt was Polish….

In England, before inheritance is paid out, the executors named in the will need to make an application for formal court’s authority authorising them to act in the matters of the estate (Grant of Probate).  The executors will pay all the testamentary debts and expenses (taxes, court fees and any debts that the deceased had) and will distribute the rest of what is left in accordance with the terms of the will.  If there is no will, the same job and obligations will fall onto the spouse of the deceased children and so in, in order specifically prescribed by the statute.  If the assets in the estate of the deceased are not enough to pay all the debts and expenses, the executors will pay what they can to the best of their abilities.  The rest will in practice be considered bad debt which cannot be paid by the estate.  The beneficiaries expecting their inheritance will be left with nothing, but other than their lost dreams of becoming wealthier, they will lose nothing else.

Matters are much different when you stand to inherit from Poland.  Under Polish law, one is called to inherit a share of the estate, not specific gifts.  However, with the share of that estate one will be called to inherit also the debts which the deceased may have had.  All is well, when the estate is much bigger than the debts.  Each beneficiary will pay the proportion of the debt equivalent to the proportion of the estate they are receiving.  Things get however complicated when the debts are big.  Under Polish law, when the estate is not sufficient to pay the debts, the bailiff is entitled to go to any of the beneficiaries for repayment of the total balance.  It is not unusual that when the beneficiary lives in England, can still be traced (as the Polish family will provide their address), has a house and a good wage, the bailiff will consider them the easier people to go after.  What can be done?

If you are approached by a Polish bailiff who rightfully claims you have to pay the debts of your no longer so beloved distant aunt, you may later reclaim the sums from the other beneficiaries whose liability for such debts was unlimited (just as yours).  There may however be no such beneficiaries, or if they exists, there is a reason why the bailiff did not go after them…  They simply have no money.   Is there therefore anything you can do to avoid your beloved distant aunt leaving you her debts?

Polish law allows you to accept inheritance directly (i.e. with no limitations), accept it with limitations or refuse it.  If you refuse the inheritance you will get nothing, but you will also not be liable for anything.  If you accept the inheritance with limitations, you will limit your liability for any possible debts up to the value of your inheritance.  The worst case scenario is therefore that you will receive nothing.  However, if after payment of the debts, there is still something left, you will benefit from that small remainder. Sounds simple enough, so why does not everyone do it this way?

The declaration concerning acceptance with limitations or refusal of an inheritance needs to be made within 6 months of the date on which you became aware the person died and you may be called to inherit from them .  Your knowledge as to the composition of the estate or existence of the debts is irrelevant.  If no such declaration is made within this strict deadline, you are deemed to have accepted the inheritance direct (i.e. with unlimited liability for debts).

If you do therefore ever received that call about your distant aunt dying, mark the date in your calendar! Make an appointment with a Polish Notary Public or a Polish court to file a declaration regarding refusal or limited acceptance of the inheritance.  For further advice on the procedure contact a Polish lawyer.

For any advice regarding receipt of English inheritance or disputes with executors please contact us.

* Disclaimer: The information on the Anthony Gold website is for general information only and reflects the position at the date of publication. It does not constitute legal advice and should not be treated as such. It is provided without any representations or warranties, express or implied.*
Clare Kelly - Partner

Clare Kelly

Partner| Mediator

clare_kelly@anthonygold.co.uk

  • A compassionate solicitor who considers all of her client’s concerns, and advises on the best way to resolve them, in or out of court.
  • Achieves settlements which are suitable for the individual circumstances incorporating compensation payments, the transfer of property and setting up trusts for children.
  • Completed the ACTAPS (Association of Contentious Trust and Probate Specialists) Contentious Trusts and Probate course – the only specialist training course for this area of law.
  • Qualified Commercial and Civil Mediator, accredited by the ADR Group.
  • Recommended in The Legal 500 ‘Clare Kelly is exceptionally knowledgeable and extremely efficient, and is a good negotiator who is sensitive to her clients’ needs and finds practical solutions’
  • ‘has a great eye for detail but can also identify the crux of the dispute’ – Legal 500 2019
  • Recommended by clients:
    “[Clare] has been absolutely wonderful – so lovely, extremely bright, and a rock when it came to getting us through the last two years.”
    “Clare, you are a star of the highest order!!”
    “It has been a difficult and stressful case and you have dealt with it efficiently and skilfully and with warmth and sensitivity”.
    “Your skill, your expertise, in matters concerning Wills is I believe, second to none. Both myself and my wife will be forever in your debt….Saying thank you just doesn’t cover the gratitude and respect we both have for you.”

 

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